"The Bad Popes" by ER Chamberlin 1969, 1986, Dante Alighierli, Divine Comedy, Inferno, 19.49–63. Some forty-five French prelates, despite Philip's prohibition, and the confiscation of their property, attended the council at Rome in October 1302. Contre le pape, il infléchit la ligne politique de Flote, qui défendait contre le Saint-Siège le droit du roi à être maître dans son royaume, donc maître de son clergé; pour Nogaret, il … The feud between Boniface and Philip IV reached its peak in the early 14th century, when Philip began to launch a strong anti-papal campaign against Boniface. In fact, there were only two French in the Sacred College at Boniface's death, only five regular clergy (only one Benedictine). The third was Luca Fieschi, of the Counts of Lavagna, of Genoa, named Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata (the deaconry which had once belonged to Jacopo Colonna). Boniface VIII was a pope who put forward some of the strongest claims of any pope to temporal as well as spiritual power. With the clergy beginning to be taxed in France and England to finance their ongoing wars against each other, Boniface took a hard stand against it. Only the city's cathedral was spared. These were benefices which in the course of things were in the hands of the Pope. Convoqué par le pape Honorius II à la demande d’Hugues de Payns (1er Grand Maître des Templiers), le synode reconnaît officiellement l’Ordre du Temple dont la règle, transcrite par Bernard de Clairvaux, est ratifiée par le Concile. Benedetto Caetani was elected by ballot and accession on Christmas Eve, 24 December 1294, taking the name Boniface VIII. Its records were republished in a critical edition by Jean Coste, Cardinal-Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti, Learn how and when to remove this template message, http://www.e-theca.net/emiliopanella/lector12.htm, Oestereich, Thomas. Bernardus Guidonis says. Jacques de Molay grand maître du Temple est l’homme à abattre. [8] This may have been the occasion on which Benedetto Caetani acquired at least some of his French benefices. The pope is said to have been short-tempered, kicking an envoy in the face on one occasion, and on another, throwing ashes in the eyes of an archbishop who was kneeling to receive them as a blessing atop his head. Neither the king nor the people were moved. He died a month later. To finance their rebellion, the barons had imposed a 10% tax on church property, which the Pope wanted back because the tithe was uncanonical. It was during the issuing of Clericis laicos that hostilities between Boniface and Philip began. Le roi a traîné le pape devant les tribunaux et ce dernier a menacé de l'excommunier. On the same day, Clement wrote to Charles of Anjou, informing him that the pope had 35 conditions that Charles must agree to in accepting the crown; he also wrote to Henry III of England and his son Edmund that they had never been possessors of the Kingdom of Sicily. [47] When the bull was presented to Philip IV, Robert II, Count of Artois, reportedly snatched it from the hands of Boniface's emissary and flung it into the fire. Il créa le premier jubilé, ou année sainte, en 1300. de Renneville et de Sainte-Vaubourg, de 13 templiers. Ce faisant, il se couvrit de sa tiare, prit en main sa crosse et les clefs, en disant : « Je suis pape, je mourrai pape ». Le Roi va jusqu'à envoyer des hommes armés pour intimider Boniface, parce que ce dernier prévoyait de l'excommunier. - 13/04/1304 : Boniface VII excommunie Philippe Le Bel, qui charge de Nogaret d’arrêter le pape, pour le juger et le remplacer. It also includes the time span when Pope Gregory and his cardinals went to France in 1273 for the second Council of Lyon, as well as the Eighth Crusade, led by Louis IX, in 1270. Le pape avait affirmé la supériorité du pouvoir pontifical, car spirituel, sur celui des rois qui n'était que temporel. [3] In 1252, when his paternal uncle Pietro Caetani became Bishop of Todi, in Umbria, Benedetto followed him to Todi and began his legal studies there. Boniface meurt peu après cette cette menace, peut-être à cause du choc provoqué par ce terrible épisode. Selon la thèse officielle, Esquieu de Floyran, prieurde Montfaucon, était emprisonné pour meurtre et partageait sa cellule avec un templier condamné à mort qui se confessa à lui, lui avouant le reniement du Christ, le… [66] A process (judicial investigation) against the memory of Boniface was held by an ecclesiastical consistory at Priory Groseau, near Malaucène, which held preliminary examinations in August and September 1310. Boniface était libre ; mais, brisé par la douleur, il perdit la raison, et quelques jours après l'attentat de Nogaret on le trouva tout sanglant mort dans son lit. Procès-verbaux d'interrogatoire de 7 templiers. L'attentat d'Anagni contre le pape Boniface VIII, le procès des Templiers et bien d'autres affaires ont fait de Nogaret une figure noire de l'historiographie. Boniface also placed the city of Florence under an interdict and invited the ambitious Charles, Count of Valois to enter Italy in 1300 to end the feud of the Black and White Guelphs, the poet Dante Alighieri being in the party of the Whites. He is remembered for suppressing the order of the Knights Templar and allowing the execution of many of its members. Philip was convinced that the wealth of the Catholic Church in France should be used in part to support the state. According to a modern interpreter, the 73-year-old Boniface was probably beaten and nearly executed, but was released from captivity after three days. R. Morghen, "Una legazione di Benedetto Caetani nell'Umbria e la guerra tra Perugia e Foligno del 1288,". On 1 May 1264 he was given permission to appoint two or three tabelliones (secretaries) for his mission, one of whom was Benedetto.[6]. [9] There would have been no point in making such a ruling if Cardinal Simon had already ceased to be Legate. Il s’agît d’un tout nouveau diocèse, fondé en juillet 1295 par le pape Boniface VIII, issu de la division du diocèse de Toulouse. En fait les Templiers auront servit d’enjeu dans la lutte de pouvoir entre Philippe le Bel et le pape Clément V. ... 1296 : Jacques de Molay pend parti pour le pape Boniface VII, contre Philippe le Bel. [23] As cardinal, he served as papal legate in diplomatic negotiations to France, Naples, Sicily, and Aragon. Pope Boniface was distinctly changing the complexion of the membership of the Sacred College. The latter three appealed to Pope Boniface VIII, who ordered Jacopo to return the land and furthermore to hand over the family's strongholds of Colonna, Palestrina, and other towns to the Papacy. He wanted to make war against the English. Three years later, on 4 December 1298, four new cardinals were named: Gonzalo Gudiel (Gundisalvus Rodericus Innojosa), Archbishop of Toledo, was appointed Bishop of Albano; Teodorico Ranieri, Archbishop-elect of Pisa and papal Chamberlain, became Cardinal Priest of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme; Niccolò Boccasini, OP, of Treviso, Master General of the Dominicans, became Cardinal Priest of Santa Sabina; and Riccardo Petroni of Siena, Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, was named a Cardinal Deacon. [50], Following that council, on 18 November 1302, Boniface issued the bull Unam sanctam ("One holy [catholic and apostolic Church]"). When the Council met (so it is said), three cardinals appeared before it and testified to the orthodoxy and morality of the dead pope. Guillaume de Nogaret et les conflits de Philippe le Bel avec la papauté », dans, Réseau des bibliothèques de Suisse occidentale, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boniface_VIII&oldid=179108679, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. Two knights, as challengers, threw down their gauntlets to maintain his innocence by trial by combat. Enfin, des tensions de plus en plus vives entre le roi de France Philippe le Bel et le nouveau pape, Boniface VIII, ont joué en défaveur de l'Ordre. [68] The same charge was brought against the Templars. Il délia les sujets de Philippe le Bel de leur serment de fidélité et fulmina contre lui les célèbres bulles Clericis laicos (1296), Ausculta fili (1301) — dont Pierre Flote, juriste du roi, écrivit une version falsifiée — et la fameuse Unam Sanctam (1302) prônant la supériorité des papes sur les rois (du spirituel sur le temporel). These views, and his chronic intervention in "temporal" affairs, led to many bitter quarrels with Albert I of Germany, Philip IV of France, and Dante Alighieri, who wrote his treatise De Monarchia to dispute Boniface's claims of papal supremacy and placed the pope in the Eighth Circle of Hell in his Divine Comedy, among the simoniacs. Dante settled his score with Boniface in the first canticle of the Divine Comedy, the Inferno, by damning the pope, placing him within the circles of Fraud, in the bolgia of the simoniacs. ... aussi, qui se bat contre le pape Boniface VIII qui n'avait pas aimé que le roi taxe du fric à l'Eglise Knightfall est une série télévisée américano-tchèque en 18 épisodes de 45 minutes créée par Don Handfield et … En 1296 Jacques de Molay prend parti pour le pape Boniface VIII, contre Philippe le Bel. [citation needed]. En libre accès et téléchargeable sur le site academia.edu. Il incita les princes allemands à se révolter contre Albert Ier. When Frederick III of Sicily attained his throne after the death of Peter III of Aragon, Boniface tried to dissuade him from accepting the throne of Sicily. Boniface VIII, ulcéré dans son orgueil, ne survivra que quelques jours à «l'attentat d'Anagni». Philip IV pressured Pope Clement V of the Avignon Papacy into staging a posthumous trial of Boniface. This derives from a statement of Pope Clement V in 1309, during the agitation for a posthumous trial of Boniface VIII: A. Theiner (ed.). A Franciscan, a Spaniard, no Benedictines, no French. He involved himself often with foreign affairs. "...in publico consistorio pronuntiavit, ut liceret prosequi volentibus procedere contra memoriam Bonifacii papae VIII defuncti." Les Grands Maîtres de l’Ordre. Patrick Gilli, Julien Théry, « L'hommage de Bologne à Boniface VIII : la statue du Palazzo della Biada (1300-1301) ». Earlier collections of canon law had been codified in the Decretales Gregorii IX, published under the authority of Pope Gregory IX in 1234, but in the succeeding sixty years, numerous legal decisions were made by one pope after another. It is sometimes said that he also received the Deaconry of S. Agnes, but S. Agnes was not a deaconry or a titulus in the 13th century. Les Templiers, notamment le héros de la série (le templier Landry), se mobilisent d'ailleurs. Et le moins que l’on puisse dire, c’est que cet évêque n’est pas un partisan du roi de France. Boniface VIII is occasionally discussed in academic literature as possibly implicated in the demise of his predecessor. The regulations promulgated in the papal bull Ubi periculum by Pope Gregory X at the Second Council of Lyon in 1274 had not envisioned a papal abdication, but the cardinals waited the usual ten days from the papal abdication. In later years Father Vitalis, the Prior of S. Egidio de S. Gemino in Narni testified that he knew him and conversed with him in Todi and that Benedetto was in a school run by Rouchetus, a Doctor of Laws, from that city.[4]. A. Theiner (ed.). [37] In the first creation, in 1295, only one cardinal was appointed, the Pope's nephew Benedetto Caetano. He succeeded Pope Celestine V, a Benedictine, who had abdicated from the papal throne. Giacomo Caetani Stefaneschi, a grand-nephew of Pope Nicholas III, was also appointed, along with Francesco Napoleone Orsini, a nephew of Pope Nicholas III. Cette intransigeance contribua en partie à la querelle qui l'opposa au roi de France Philippe IV le Bel, au terme de laquelle il fut victime de l'« attentat d'Anagni » (7-8 septembre 1303). In his last Consistory for the promotion of Cardinals, on 15 December 1302, Boniface VIII named two more cardinals: Pedro Rodríguez, bishop of Burgos, Spain, became Suburbicarian Bishop of Sabina; and Giovanni Minio da Morrovalle (or da Muro), OFM, Minister General of the Franciscans, was appointed Suburbicarian Bishop of Porto. [29], In the field of canon law Boniface VIII had considerable influence. Boniface decided most of those issues in Philip's favor. Boniface systematized canon law by collecting it in a new volume, Liber Sextus (1298), which continues to be important source material for canon lawyers. [20] Three years later, on 22 September 1291,[21] Pope Nicholas IV (Girolamo Maschi d'Ascoli, O.Min.) Tosti (p. 37) believed that Caetani held the office of Advocatus before he set out with Cardinal Ottoboni on the English legation. D'abord avocat et notaire du pape Innocent IV à Rome, Benedetto Caetani obtint le chapeau de cardinal en 1281 par Martin IV, et fut élu pape le 24 décembre 1294, après l'abdication du pape Célestin V. Bien que son élection fût régulière, on l'accusa d'avoir poussé son prédécesseur (qu'il fit emprisonner pour éviter le risque de schisme) à se retirer. He sanctioned voluntary contributions from the clergy for the necessary defense of the state and gave the king the right to determine that necessity. [48], In February 1302 the bull Ausculta Fili was officially burned at Paris before Philip IV and a great multitude. Pope Celestine V (who had been Brother Peter, the hermit of Mount Murrone near Sulmone) abdicated on 13 December 1294 at Naples, where, much to the discomfort of a number of cardinals, he had established the papal court under the patronage of Charles II of Naples. [12] He was in England until July 1268, working to suppress the remnants of Simon de Montfort's barons who were still in arms against King Henry III of England. Cardinal Simon had been appointed by Pope Urban IV (Jacques Pantaléon), between 25 and 27 April 1264, to engage in negotiations with Charles of Anjou, Comte de Provence, over the Crown of Naples and Sicily. Pope Boniface... departed immediately from Anagni with his court and came to Rome and St. Peter's to hold a council... but... the grief which had hardened in the heart of Pope Boniface, by reason of the injury which he had received, produced in him, once he had come to Rome, a strange malady so that he gnawed at himself as if he were mad, and in this state he passed from this life on the twelfth day of October in the year of Christ 1303, and in the Church of St. Peter near the entrance of the doors, in a rich chapel which was built in his lifetime, he was honorably buried. In 1276, however, Benedetto was sent to France to supervise the collection of a tithe, which is perhaps when he held the office of Advocatus in the Roman Curia,[16] and then was appointed a papal Notary in the late 1270s. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 23 janvier 2021 à 08:00. Depuis Rome, le Pape Boniface VIII s’y oppose car dans les Royaumes chrétiens catholiques, le Clergé relève uniquement de l’autorité du Pape. His body was accidentally exhumed in 1605 and was found to be in relatively good condition, dispensing the legend that he had become frenzied, gnawing his hands and bashing his brains out against the wall. Sous ses ordres, depuis Chypre, les Templiers attaquent Alanya et Alexandrie. The Pope then announced that he was reserving the whole matter to his own judgment.[69]. On 26 February 1265, only eleven days after his coronation, the new pope, Pope Clement IV wrote to Cardinal Simon, telling him to break off negotiations and travel immediately to Provence, where he would receive further instructions. Boniface VIII, né vers 1235 et mort le 11 octobre 1303, de son nom Benedetto Caetani, est un pape de l’Église catholique. [28] In 1300, Boniface VIII formalized the custom of the Roman Jubilee, which afterwards became a source of both profit and scandal to the church. [36], To deal with the problem of the cardinals left to him by his predecessors, Boniface created new cardinals on five occasions during his reign. Vers le procès de Boniface VIIILa mort du pape ne mit pas entièrement fin au conflit puisque les légistes et le roi parvinrent à contraindre le pape Clément V (1305-1314) à ouvrir, en 1310, un procès contre la mémoire de Boniface VIII, qui sera l'objet du quatrième chapitre de ce travail. Pope Boniface VIII (Latin: Bonifatius VIII; born Benedetto Caetani, c. 1230 – 11 October 1303) was pope from 24 December 1294 to his death in 1303. [19] In the winter of 1289, he was one of Pope Nicholas IV's advisors as he decided on a settlement of the disputes over the election or appointment of Portuguese bishops, in which King Denis played a major role. [35] The conflict continued until the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, which saw Pedro's son Frederick III recognized as king of Sicily while Charles II was recognized as the king of Naples. The first was Leonardo Patrasso, Archbishop of Capua, who was Boniface VIII's uncle; he replaced the archbishop of Toledo, who had died in 1299, as Cardinal Bishop of Albano. On 27 April 1310, in what was certainly a peace gesture toward the French, Clement V pardoned Guillaume Nogaret for his offenses committed at Anagni against Boniface VIII and the Church, for which he had been excommunicated, with the condition that Nogaret personally go to the Holy Land in the next wave of soldiers and serve there in the military. Une fois au pouvoir, il mit l'interdit sur le royaume du Danemark. Joseph Nicolas Guyot, Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort, Ferdinand Camille Duchemin de la Chesnaye. Tiré des mains des Français le 9 septembre par une révolte de la population d'Anagni, il mourut peu après, à Rome le 11 octobre 1303. At Orvieto, on 12 April 1281, Pope Martin IV created Benedetto Caetani cardinal deacon of Saint Nicholas in Carcere. 1303. Il a construit sa renommé pour ses victoires martiales mais aussi grâce aux fabuleux dons d… L'interrogatoire parisien a fourni l'essentiel des informations nécessaires au dossier d'accusation de la royauté contre les templiers, du … When Frederick persisted, Boniface excommunicated him in 1296, and placed the island under interdict. This included the offence of sodomy, although there is no substantive evidence for this, and it is likely that this was the standard accusation Philip made against enemies. [55] The Pope responded with a bull dated 8 September 1303, in which Philip and Nogaret were excommunicated. Before the actual trial could be held, Clement persuaded Philip to leave the question of Boniface's guilt to the Council of Vienne, which met in 1311.
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